Archival ReportA Meta-Analysis of Cytokines in Major Depression
Section snippets
Methods and Materials
Only original studies that measured cytokine concentrations in depressed and nondepressed subjects were included in the meta-analysis. Studies were included if subjects met DSM-III-R or DSM-IV (3) criteria for major depression. Studies were included if they were published in English, if cytokine concentrations were measured in subjects free of major medical comorbidities (cancer, heart disease, etc.), if subjects were free of antidepressant medications for at least 1 week before the initiation
Results
A total of 136 studies were identified for review. One hundred twelve studies did not meet inclusion criteria. Studies were excluded based on the presence of comorbid medical diseases (23, 25, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86) (n = 52), use of concomitant medications (87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102
Discussion
This study reports significantly higher concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in depressed subjects compared with control subjects. While both positive and negative results have been reported in individual studies, this meta-analytic result strengthens the evidence that depression is accompanied by activation of the IRS.
Both TNF-α and IL-6 are acute-phase proteins secreted into the bloodstream in response to immunologic challenge and elevations of these cytokines in the
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