The document summarizes the relationship between Pakistan and India, outlining their shared history, cultural ties, ongoing disputes, and diplomatic efforts. It notes that while the two states have historic and economic links, their relationship has also been defined by hostility and conflict over issues like Kashmir and partition. It provides details on the multiple wars fought between Pakistan and India since independence and discusses several treaties signed in an effort to reduce tensions, including the Karachi Agreement, Liaquat-Nehru Pact, Sindh Taas Agreement, and Simla Agreement.
The partition of British India in 1947 divided the subcontinent into two independent states - India and Pakistan. This caused mass violence as millions of Hindus and Muslims migrated between the two new countries. Ongoing disputes over the territories of Jammu and Kashmir led to wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. Water sharing of the Indus River also remained a source of conflict until the 1960 Indus Water Treaty. However, resolving the issues of Kashmir and fully implementing the water treaty remain important for improving relations between the two countries.
This document provides an acknowledgment and summary of a course project report on India-Pakistan relations prepared by nine students. It thanks their professor for the opportunity and notes they tried to be unbiased. The three main sections discuss the reasons and results of the partition of India in 1947, including the two-nation theory and power politics involved. It also summarizes the major conflicts between India and Pakistan after independence, including disputes over irrigation water, Kashmir, and wars in 1965 and 1999.
pakistan and india relation till 1947 to 2016Usama Ahmad
The document summarizes the history of relations between India and Pakistan since their partition in 1947. It discusses key events and disputes that have strained relations such as the partition of British India, the Kashmir dispute, several Indo-Pakistan wars, and ongoing tensions over terrorism. While the two countries have had hostile relations for decades, they have also attempted negotiations and agreements to reduce tensions, such as the Simla Agreement and later composite dialogue processes.
These reports have been made by me and my classmates at IBA Karachi. The sole purpose of putting these reports here is to help the free flow of knowledge to everyone.
This document describes congenital anomalies and malformations, their causes, types, and prevention. It finds the incidence of birth defects in India is 2.5-4% with central nervous system abnormalities being the most common at 22%. Risk factors include advanced maternal age, consanguinity, and malnutrition. Congenital malformations can be caused by genetic, chromosomal, or environmental factors. Common types involve the central nervous system, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, and endocrine systems. Prevention strategies include genetic counseling, promoting preconception health, and antenatal care.
Pakistan and Afghanistan have a long and complex relationship dating back to their independence in 1947. Relations were initially fraught as Afghanistan opposed Pakistan's independence and membership in the UN. Tensions eased from 1963-1973 as Afghanistan supported Pakistan in its wars with India. The overthrow of Afghanistan's monarchy in 1973 deteriorated relations further. The Soviet invasion of 1979 and Pakistan's support for the mujahideen resistance dominated relations until 1992. Since 9/11, Pakistan has walked a fine line between supporting US counterterrorism efforts while maintaining ties to Afghan factions.
This document provides background information and key details about the 1965 war between India and Pakistan over the disputed Kashmir region. It discusses the causes of the war, including territorial disputes and Pakistan's desire to take Kashmir by force. It describes some major battles between Indian and Pakistani forces, and notes that the war ended in a stalemate. The aftermath saw international pressure and a ceasefire negotiated in Tashkent that restored the pre-war status quo.
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important food and oilseed crop cultivated worldwide. It is a herbaceous annual plant with a taproot and yellow flowers. Groundnuts are classified based on growth habit into erect bunch types and spreading trailing types. They grow best in well-drained sandy or sandy loam soils receiving 50-125 cm of rainfall annually. Groundnuts are used as food, for oil extraction, and animal feed, and provide nutritional and economic benefits.
This document summarizes Pak-India relations since their partition in 1947. It outlines key events that have strained their relationship such as the Kashmir dispute, three Indo-Pakistan wars between 1965-1971, the Kargil War in 1999, and recent tensions in 2019. While agreements like the Indus Water Treaty and Simla Agreement have aimed to reduce tensions, disputes over Kashmir and cross-border attacks have typically undermined efforts to build trust and cooperation between the two countries.
The document summarizes the history and current state of relations between Pakistan and Iran. It notes that Pakistan and Iran have longstanding cultural, economic, and political ties dating back to 1949. Key points of cooperation have included trade agreements, joint economic commissions, Iranian support for Pakistan in its wars with India, and discussions around a proposed natural gas pipeline to strengthen economic integration. However, tensions have also emerged at times due to differing positions on issues like the Afghan conflict and Iran's nuclear program. Overall the document outlines the complex relationship between the two neighboring countries.
The document summarizes Sino-Pakistani relations from 1947 to 2017. It discusses major agreements between China and Pakistan, China's support for Pakistan's nuclear program and during wars with India. It outlines China's projects with Pakistan and other Asian countries through initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and One Belt One Road. These infrastructure and development projects strengthen economic and strategic ties between China and Pakistan.
The document summarizes the history of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan from 1947 to 1997. It details how Kashmir's ruler initially opted for independence but then signed onto accession with India, leading Pakistan to send forces and sparking the first war over Kashmir in 1947. The conflict has since involved UN resolutions and mediation attempts, as well as additional wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. Insurgencies also began in Indian-administered Kashmir in 1989, straining relations further and raising nuclear tensions between the neighbors.
The document discusses the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan over control of the Kashmir region. It provides background on the history and division of Kashmir, positions of India and Pakistan, and UN involvement. The UN has brokered ceasefires but an attempted plebiscite to determine Kashmir's status has been delayed. The document proposes that the UN take a more proactive role by encouraging normalized relations between India and Pakistan and providing peacekeeping forces to secure borders and prevent militant movement.
The document discusses the top 10 reasons for the long-standing conflict between India and Pakistan since their formation as independent states in 1947. The key reasons include the partition which displaced millions, the disputed territory of Kashmir, and the wars fought between the two countries over Kashmir in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and 1999. The conflict has been exacerbated by both countries developing nuclear weapons capability. The issue of Kashmir remains unresolved and is the fundamental cause of tensions between India and Pakistan.
This document discusses the history of relations between Pakistan and India from 1947 to 2016. It notes several issues that have caused tensions, such as the Kashmir issue, water treaties, terrorism, and line of control violations. It also summarizes the major wars between Pakistan and India in 1947, 1965, 1971, 1999 and the Kargil War. The nuclear programs and tests of both countries are also briefly outlined. In conclusion, it states that India and Pakistan must resolve the Kashmir issue and water treaties to improve their relationship.
China has over 5,000 years of history spanning many dynasties and emperors. In 1949, the People's Republic of China was formed under Mao Zedong. Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognize China in 1950, strengthening their diplomatic relations. Since then, China has been Pakistan's strongest ally and largest provider of military and economic assistance, helping with numerous infrastructure projects through their growing trade relationship.
The document discusses Pak-Afghan relations and offers suggestions for improving them. It notes that both countries face security threats from militancy and terrorism. It suggests that Pakistan and Afghanistan establish joint border security, enhance economic cooperation, and resolve disputes over Taliban sanctuaries and Indian influence in a spirit of mutual understanding and respect for sovereignty. Former Afghan president Hamid Karzai also provided a two-point solution: jointly fighting terrorism and Pakistan accepting Afghanistan's sovereignty and non-interference in its foreign relations. Experts say the countries must cooperate regionally and normalize bilateral relations.
The document summarizes the history of Pakistan-US relations from 1947 to the present. It discusses the various defense agreements signed between the two countries during the Cold War era and periods of cooperation as well as tensions, particularly related to Pakistan's nuclear program. Key events covered include Pakistan's involvement in US intelligence operations during the Cold War, the impact of regional conflicts like the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistan wars, imposition of sanctions under presidents Carter and Reagan, and Pakistan's role in the Soviet-Afghan war.
The Kashmir conflict involves four parties - India, Pakistan, China, and Kashmiris. Kashmir was historically ruled by a Hindu maharaja but has a majority Muslim population. At independence, the maharaja signed Kashmir to India but Pakistan disputes this. The region has been a source of conflict through three wars and ongoing tensions. Both countries claim the region but the UN has called for a plebiscite to let Kashmiris decide their own fate. The dispute remains unresolved with no clear solution in sight.
Pak-Afghan Relations in post 9-11 era: A case study of Durand line security b...Bilal yousaf
This document outlines the history of relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan from Pakistan's independence in 1947 to the post-9/11 era. It discusses the tensions caused by the disputed Durand Line border and Afghanistan's claims over Pashtun areas in Pakistan. The relations progressed through phases of hostility over the border issues, cooperation against the Soviet invasion, civil war after the Soviets withdrew, Taliban rule with Pakistani support, and renewed tensions after 9/11 when Pakistan joined the US in fighting terrorists along the border. The document argues that securing the border and increasing cultural exchange could help resolve tensions, while a peaceful dialogue is needed to settle disputes over the Durand Line.
Iran and Pakistan have close cultural, religious, and economic ties dating back centuries. They share a 909 km border and were among the first to recognize each other after gaining independence. The two countries have supported each other militarily, including during the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistani wars. More recently, they have sought to strengthen economic cooperation through projects like the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline and increased bilateral trade, though American opposition to Iran has posed challenges. Defense agreements also aim to bolster military collaboration between the two neighbors.
The document discusses the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project. It provides background on the long-standing relationship between China and Pakistan. CPEC is a major investment program that involves developing transportation and energy infrastructure connecting China and Pakistan. The project aims to benefit Pakistan through increased trade, investment, and job creation, while providing China with improved access to Middle Eastern and Central Asian markets. CPEC could also offer opportunities to boost trade for other regional countries like India, Afghanistan, and Central Asian nations.
The document discusses the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan from different perspectives. It provides background on the princely state of Kashmir and how it became part of India via an Instrument of Accession signed by its ruler. India sees Kashmir as an integral part of India based on this document, while Pakistan disputes the circumstances around its signing. Both countries have fought multiple wars over the region and continue to disagree on its status and governance. The document also notes China's claims to parts of Kashmir and outlines contentious policies like Article 370 and AFSPA that have fueled local unrest. It concludes by advocating for greater UN involvement to restore peace and respect for human rights in the disputed region.
The document discusses the long-standing relationship between Pakistan and China, covering their diplomatic, economic, military, and nuclear cooperation. It notes that Pakistan was the first Muslim country to establish diplomatic relations with China in 1951. Since then, the two countries have strengthened ties across many areas and embarked on joint infrastructure projects through their China-Pakistan Economic Corridor initiative. The relationship is described as an "all-weather strategic cooperative partnership" that is mutually beneficial.
The document summarizes the history of conflict in Kashmir between India and Pakistan since 1947, including three wars over the region. It also outlines various laws enacted by India in Kashmir that have been criticized for enabling human rights abuses like arbitrary arrests, shootings, and torture by security forces. The document notes reports of thousands of enforced disappearances of Kashmiri youth as well as mass graves containing unidentified bodies.
This document discusses various aspects of India-Pakistan relations over time. It notes a history of conflict and distrust between the two countries, despite periods of attempted cooperation, and argues that unilateral goodwill from India has not yielded benefits. It suggests India needs to maintain military superiority and adopt a harder line policy of deterrence and retaliation to discourage future attacks from Pakistan. People-to-people contacts and trade alone will not improve relations due to indoctrination in Pakistan.
This document summarizes Pak-India relations since their partition in 1947. It outlines key events that have strained their relationship such as the Kashmir dispute, three Indo-Pakistan wars between 1965-1971, the Kargil War in 1999, and recent tensions in 2019. While agreements like the Indus Water Treaty and Simla Agreement have aimed to reduce tensions, disputes over Kashmir and cross-border attacks have typically undermined efforts to build trust and cooperation between the two countries.
The document summarizes the history and current state of relations between Pakistan and Iran. It notes that Pakistan and Iran have longstanding cultural, economic, and political ties dating back to 1949. Key points of cooperation have included trade agreements, joint economic commissions, Iranian support for Pakistan in its wars with India, and discussions around a proposed natural gas pipeline to strengthen economic integration. However, tensions have also emerged at times due to differing positions on issues like the Afghan conflict and Iran's nuclear program. Overall the document outlines the complex relationship between the two neighboring countries.
The document summarizes Sino-Pakistani relations from 1947 to 2017. It discusses major agreements between China and Pakistan, China's support for Pakistan's nuclear program and during wars with India. It outlines China's projects with Pakistan and other Asian countries through initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and One Belt One Road. These infrastructure and development projects strengthen economic and strategic ties between China and Pakistan.
The document summarizes the history of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan from 1947 to 1997. It details how Kashmir's ruler initially opted for independence but then signed onto accession with India, leading Pakistan to send forces and sparking the first war over Kashmir in 1947. The conflict has since involved UN resolutions and mediation attempts, as well as additional wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. Insurgencies also began in Indian-administered Kashmir in 1989, straining relations further and raising nuclear tensions between the neighbors.
The document discusses the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan over control of the Kashmir region. It provides background on the history and division of Kashmir, positions of India and Pakistan, and UN involvement. The UN has brokered ceasefires but an attempted plebiscite to determine Kashmir's status has been delayed. The document proposes that the UN take a more proactive role by encouraging normalized relations between India and Pakistan and providing peacekeeping forces to secure borders and prevent militant movement.
The document discusses the top 10 reasons for the long-standing conflict between India and Pakistan since their formation as independent states in 1947. The key reasons include the partition which displaced millions, the disputed territory of Kashmir, and the wars fought between the two countries over Kashmir in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and 1999. The conflict has been exacerbated by both countries developing nuclear weapons capability. The issue of Kashmir remains unresolved and is the fundamental cause of tensions between India and Pakistan.
This document discusses the history of relations between Pakistan and India from 1947 to 2016. It notes several issues that have caused tensions, such as the Kashmir issue, water treaties, terrorism, and line of control violations. It also summarizes the major wars between Pakistan and India in 1947, 1965, 1971, 1999 and the Kargil War. The nuclear programs and tests of both countries are also briefly outlined. In conclusion, it states that India and Pakistan must resolve the Kashmir issue and water treaties to improve their relationship.
China has over 5,000 years of history spanning many dynasties and emperors. In 1949, the People's Republic of China was formed under Mao Zedong. Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognize China in 1950, strengthening their diplomatic relations. Since then, China has been Pakistan's strongest ally and largest provider of military and economic assistance, helping with numerous infrastructure projects through their growing trade relationship.
The document discusses Pak-Afghan relations and offers suggestions for improving them. It notes that both countries face security threats from militancy and terrorism. It suggests that Pakistan and Afghanistan establish joint border security, enhance economic cooperation, and resolve disputes over Taliban sanctuaries and Indian influence in a spirit of mutual understanding and respect for sovereignty. Former Afghan president Hamid Karzai also provided a two-point solution: jointly fighting terrorism and Pakistan accepting Afghanistan's sovereignty and non-interference in its foreign relations. Experts say the countries must cooperate regionally and normalize bilateral relations.
The document summarizes the history of Pakistan-US relations from 1947 to the present. It discusses the various defense agreements signed between the two countries during the Cold War era and periods of cooperation as well as tensions, particularly related to Pakistan's nuclear program. Key events covered include Pakistan's involvement in US intelligence operations during the Cold War, the impact of regional conflicts like the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistan wars, imposition of sanctions under presidents Carter and Reagan, and Pakistan's role in the Soviet-Afghan war.
The Kashmir conflict involves four parties - India, Pakistan, China, and Kashmiris. Kashmir was historically ruled by a Hindu maharaja but has a majority Muslim population. At independence, the maharaja signed Kashmir to India but Pakistan disputes this. The region has been a source of conflict through three wars and ongoing tensions. Both countries claim the region but the UN has called for a plebiscite to let Kashmiris decide their own fate. The dispute remains unresolved with no clear solution in sight.
Pak-Afghan Relations in post 9-11 era: A case study of Durand line security b...Bilal yousaf
This document outlines the history of relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan from Pakistan's independence in 1947 to the post-9/11 era. It discusses the tensions caused by the disputed Durand Line border and Afghanistan's claims over Pashtun areas in Pakistan. The relations progressed through phases of hostility over the border issues, cooperation against the Soviet invasion, civil war after the Soviets withdrew, Taliban rule with Pakistani support, and renewed tensions after 9/11 when Pakistan joined the US in fighting terrorists along the border. The document argues that securing the border and increasing cultural exchange could help resolve tensions, while a peaceful dialogue is needed to settle disputes over the Durand Line.
Iran and Pakistan have close cultural, religious, and economic ties dating back centuries. They share a 909 km border and were among the first to recognize each other after gaining independence. The two countries have supported each other militarily, including during the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistani wars. More recently, they have sought to strengthen economic cooperation through projects like the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline and increased bilateral trade, though American opposition to Iran has posed challenges. Defense agreements also aim to bolster military collaboration between the two neighbors.
The document discusses the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project. It provides background on the long-standing relationship between China and Pakistan. CPEC is a major investment program that involves developing transportation and energy infrastructure connecting China and Pakistan. The project aims to benefit Pakistan through increased trade, investment, and job creation, while providing China with improved access to Middle Eastern and Central Asian markets. CPEC could also offer opportunities to boost trade for other regional countries like India, Afghanistan, and Central Asian nations.
The document discusses the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan from different perspectives. It provides background on the princely state of Kashmir and how it became part of India via an Instrument of Accession signed by its ruler. India sees Kashmir as an integral part of India based on this document, while Pakistan disputes the circumstances around its signing. Both countries have fought multiple wars over the region and continue to disagree on its status and governance. The document also notes China's claims to parts of Kashmir and outlines contentious policies like Article 370 and AFSPA that have fueled local unrest. It concludes by advocating for greater UN involvement to restore peace and respect for human rights in the disputed region.
The document discusses the long-standing relationship between Pakistan and China, covering their diplomatic, economic, military, and nuclear cooperation. It notes that Pakistan was the first Muslim country to establish diplomatic relations with China in 1951. Since then, the two countries have strengthened ties across many areas and embarked on joint infrastructure projects through their China-Pakistan Economic Corridor initiative. The relationship is described as an "all-weather strategic cooperative partnership" that is mutually beneficial.
The document summarizes the history of conflict in Kashmir between India and Pakistan since 1947, including three wars over the region. It also outlines various laws enacted by India in Kashmir that have been criticized for enabling human rights abuses like arbitrary arrests, shootings, and torture by security forces. The document notes reports of thousands of enforced disappearances of Kashmiri youth as well as mass graves containing unidentified bodies.
This document discusses various aspects of India-Pakistan relations over time. It notes a history of conflict and distrust between the two countries, despite periods of attempted cooperation, and argues that unilateral goodwill from India has not yielded benefits. It suggests India needs to maintain military superiority and adopt a harder line policy of deterrence and retaliation to discourage future attacks from Pakistan. People-to-people contacts and trade alone will not improve relations due to indoctrination in Pakistan.
International Relations Between India And PakistanKunal
In 1947, British India was partitioned along religious lines into India and Pakistan, displacing millions and killing hundreds of thousands. This caused ongoing tensions over the region of Kashmir, which both countries claim. In 1971, India supported the independence of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), fighting a war with Pakistan and taking many prisoners. During the Cold War era, international relations between India and Pakistan deteriorated further as the two countries aligned with opposing global alliances. By the late 1990s, both had developed nuclear weapons amid increasing tensions, worrying the international community and leading to aid restrictions. The 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks, carried out by Pakistan-trained groups, further strained relations between the neighboring nations despite religious diversity now existing within both countries.
The document discusses tensions between India and Pakistan over several decades. Key events include nuclear tests by both countries in 1998, military strikes by India in Kashmir in 1999, and the creation of India and Pakistan as separate states from Britain in 1947. The document also mentions the 1971 conflict in East Pakistan, Pakistan's relations with the US, insurgent activity in Kashmir allegedly supported by Pakistan, and the countries' history as long-time cricket rivals. It discusses both countries' missile capabilities and no-first-use policies regarding nuclear weapons.
This document summarizes an assignment on India-Pakistan long term relations. It discusses how the relations have been characterized by hostility since independence in 1947 due to disputes like Kashmir and border issues. It notes that both countries have allowed military capabilities to influence their relations. The future of relations depends on how each country assesses the geopolitical environment in South Asia and moves towards reconciliation without threatening the other. Bilateral disputes like Kashmir have been a central cause of tensions, and the dispute is important to Pakistan for ideological and strategic reasons.
At the Little Rann of Kutch, salt production generates much higher economic value (Rs 694 million) than tourism (Rs 276 million) or biodiversity (Rs 136 million) but it’s also more damaging to the ecology. Tourism will help conserve biodiversity because most tourists come for the birds but they have less economic values and hence lesser attention.
The document discusses Indo-Pak relations from the perspective of young students. It describes examples of students from both countries expressing friendship and a desire for peace between the neighbors. However, it also notes examples of some immature minds promoting hostility instead of friendship. The document argues that shaping young minds with values of love and peace should be a priority, as it is the key to creating a more harmonious society between the two countries in the future.
PakISTAN & india relations IN URDU PPT BY BADSHAH03062679929
Since partition in 1947, relations between India and Pakistan have been defined by tensions, misunderstandings, and wars over disputes like Kashmir. Both countries have failed to build mutual trust due to their unresolved conflicts and lack of cooperation. However, overcoming short-sighted policies and rethinking their approaches to one another could help India and Pakistan improve their relationship.
The document discusses several themes in William Wordsworth's poems, including the beneficial influence of nature, the power of the human mind, the splendor of childhood, and transcendence. It also provides context on Wordsworth's life and career, including details about his magnum opus "The Prelude." Finally, it analyzes the form and rhyme scheme of Wordsworth's poem "The Solitary Reaper."
This document provides an overview of the economy and industries of Kutch district in India. Some key points:
- Kutch has emerged as a major industrial hub with industries such as chemicals, minerals, textiles, engineering and ports. The district accounts for 39.07% of industrial projects under implementation in Gujarat.
- Major economic drivers include minerals, ports, engineering, steel pipes, cement, salt production and tourism. The district has large reserves of minerals like lignite, limestone and bauxite.
- Industrial parks and special economic zones are located across multiple talukas and sectors like ports, textiles and engineering to boost economic growth. Mundra port is a key logistics and trade hub
Myths and misconceptions of indo pak history part 8Agha A
Yet in 1857 the Indians or at least a part of them both Hindus and Muslims combined and made one very desperate yet valiant effort to oust the British. Till this time the Hindus acknowledged the Muslim political supremacy since we see the Bengal Army which was predominantly Hindu, fighting for Muslim sovereigns at Delhi and in Oudh!
But when this great rebellion failed there was the parting of the ways! The Muslims of the post-1857 had no choice but to please the British to avoid Hindu domination!
The Hindu’s problems had completely ended!
All they had to do was to play a waiting game.
They knew that one day the British will have to go and then they, the ones who had been ruled and subjugated by a minority from the 12th century till almost the 18th century would dominate the Indo-Pak sub- continent, just like they were about to do around 1799 and till 1803 when the EEIC challenged the Hindu Mahratta rule!
The Muslim post-1857 problems were more complex, they had to escape Hindu domination and they also had to face the British.
The policy they adopted after 1857 was “Loyalty to the British”.
Issues of conflict between india and pakistanFaizan Shabbir
The document outlines several key issues of conflict between India and Pakistan, including Sir Creek, the Siachin Glacier, and water disputes. Sir Creek is an unresolved maritime boundary in the Runn of Kutch region, which both countries claim. The Siachin Glacier is a strategically important mountainous region where both countries maintain a permanent military presence. There are also ongoing water disputes around dams and hydroelectric projects on rivers like the Chenab that flow between the two countries. These issues remain unresolved sources of tension despite numerous negotiations and treaties over the decades.
The document discusses the long-standing relationship between Pakistan and China. It began in the 1950s with diplomatic relations and has since expanded to include strong economic and military cooperation. China has supported Pakistan's nuclear program and is a major investor in Pakistan's infrastructure projects through initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. The relationship is described as an "all-weather friendship" that benefits both countries' strategic and economic interests in the region.
The document summarizes the long and complex history between Pakistan and India, including their independence in 1947 which led to disputes over the region of Kashmir, sparking their First War. Their Second War in 1965 ended in a stalemate, while their Third War in 1971 was triggered by Pakistan's oppression of Bengalis and resulted in the creation of Bangladesh after India's victory over Pakistan. Subsequent conflicts have remained limited in scope.
Pakistan & India relationships Over the Years by ZZSyed Zahoor
The document discusses Pakistan and India's relationship over time based on the perspectives of various Pakistani politicians and civil society leaders. It outlines a history of tensions and conflicts between the two countries, as well as periods of more positive diplomacy and peace talks. Imran Khan, leader of the PTI party, is discussed as advocating for increased economic cooperation, open borders, and a resolution of the Kashmir issue in order to improve relations. Benazir Bhutto is also mentioned, noting her views evolved from supporting Kashmiri separatism to calling for economic integration between Pakistan and India.
1. Lahore has been inhabited for over 3,000 years and was originally known by names like Lavapuri and Labokla.
2. Ancient texts and travelers referred to the city under variations of its name such as Loha-wr, Laha-wr and Lao-hore dating back to the 1st millennium AD.
3. By the 10th century AD, Lahore was well established as a city and referred to as such in documents of the time.
The 1971 Indo-Pakistani War began in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in March 1971 and culminated in East Pakistan declaring independence as Bangladesh in December 1971. The war broke out due to political and economic discrimination of East Pakistan by West Pakistan which led to Bengali nationalist movements. In December 1971, Pakistan launched air strikes on India, beginning the war. India supported the Mukti Bahini insurgency in East Pakistan with arms and training. By December, Indian and Mukti Bahini forces defeated Pakistan in East Pakistan, leading to the creation of Bangladesh. Over 90,000 Pakistani troops surrendered in East Pakistan, marking the end of the war and the largest military surrender since World War II.
The document summarizes the 1965 war between Pakistan and India over the disputed region of Kashmir. It provides background on the establishment of Pakistan and conflicts over Kashmir. It describes India's attacks on multiple fronts on September 6, 1965 and the heroic response of the Pakistani military and people in defending their country against overwhelming odds for 17 days, guided by Islamic teachings. It highlights Major Raja Aziz Bhatti's martyrdom during the war and notes that both Pakistan and India awarded their countries' highest military honors to heroes who fought in the war.
Kashmir issue : Media & Current Affairs : Student CollaborationAli Haider Saeed
An illustration of student-teacher collaborative discussion model in the subject of Media & Current Affairs during the Fall session 2020, Students engaged in the discussion on Kashmir ISsue
This document discusses India's relationships with its neighboring countries. It covers India's geographical situation sharing borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. It discusses the historical disputes and conflicts with Pakistan over Kashmir and Bangladeshi independence. It outlines the three India-Pakistan wars in 1965, 1971 and 1999 over Kashmir. It also discusses issues with China over border disputes and competing interests in the region. It briefly mentions water disputes with Bangladesh and Sri Lanka and India's interest in ensuring justice for Tamil minorities in Sri Lanka. The document advocates for good relations between neighbors for mutual economic and security benefits.
The document discusses Pakistan's foreign policy and relations with India. It lists group members for a presentation and covers topics like the partition of British India, the Kashmir dispute, wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971, and the Indus Water Treaty. It describes the religious differences between Islam and Hinduism, massacres during partition, and key events and outcomes of the wars. It concludes that resolving the Kashmir issue and water treaty would help improve relations between the two countries.
An armed conflict concerns government and/or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, results in battle-related death
1948 war over Kashmir
1965 India-Pakistan war
1971 India-Pakistan and Fall of Dhaka
Siachen Dispute and Sir creek
Kargil conflict 99
The document summarizes key details about India's military capabilities and history of conflicts with Pakistan. It notes that India has the 4th largest military budget and troop strength in the world. It then outlines several major military operations and conflicts between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, including the First Kashmir War in 1947, the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the Siachen conflict of 1984, and the Kargil War of 1999. For each conflict, it provides brief details about the background, key battles, outcomes, and diplomatic agreements that followed.
The Kashmir conflict began in 1947 when the region's ruler decided to join India despite the majority Muslim population, leading Pakistan to invade. This sparked the first of four wars between India and Pakistan over the territory. Currently, Kashmir is divided along a ceasefire line known as the Line of Control, with India controlling 45% and Pakistan 35%, while China holds the remaining 20%. Both countries claim the entire region and have fought numerous battles over it since partition, with an ongoing separatist insurgency complicating matters further.
Pakistan faced numerous problems after partition in 1947, including:
- Establishing a new government and administrative systems from scratch while millions of refugees flooded into the new country
- An unfair and controversial boundary award that gave Muslim-majority areas to India and laid the foundation for future disputes over Kashmir and water rights
- Difficulties over the division of military assets between Pakistan and India, which left Pakistan poorly equipped for defense
The document provides a chronology of key events in the Kashmir dispute from 1947 to 2017 between India and Pakistan over control of the Kashmir region. It outlines the partition of the subcontinent in 1947 that led to the Maharaja of Kashmir's accession to India and the first war between India and Pakistan over the region. Subsequent events include three wars, a Simla Agreement, a pro-independence insurgency in Indian-administered Kashmir in the late 1980s, and continuing violence and tensions along the Line of Control dividing the region.
This document provides an overview of the Kashmir conflict between India, Pakistan, and China over control of the Kashmir region. It discusses how Kashmir is divided between the three countries, with India controlling Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh, Pakistan controlling Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, and China controlling parts of Ladakh. The population of the Indian-controlled region is predominantly Muslim. The document traces the history of control over Kashmir and discusses the ongoing dispute and conflict between India and Pakistan over control of the region.
Kashmir has been a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947. It began when the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir did not join either country after the partition of British India. India controls 39,127 square miles of Kashmir while Pakistan controls 33,145 square miles. The dispute is fueled by both countries' claims over the region based on its history and the religious affiliations of Kashmiris. Despite UN resolutions calling for a referendum, the conflict has continued with human rights abuses reported and tensions occasionally flaring into violence along the Line of Control.
This document provides an overview of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan in 6 sections. It discusses: (1) how the conflict started over the ruler's decision to join India after Partition; (2) the wars fought between India and Pakistan over Kashmir; (3) human rights violations against Kashmiris; (4) the roles of international organizations like the UN and OIC; and (6) concludes that Kashmiris should determine the region's status and resolving this conflict is important for South Asian peace and prosperity.
The document summarizes the history of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan since partition in 1947. It discusses that Kashmir is currently divided between Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistani administered Azad Kashmir, and Chinese controlled Kashmir. It outlines several proposed solutions to resolve the conflict such as making the Line of Control an official border, dividing Kashmir along the Chenab river, granting independence, or providing autonomy under joint Indian-Pakistani control similar to Andorra. However, it notes that implementing any solution requires agreement between India and Pakistan, which has so far not been possible given both countries' claims over the territory.
Problems faced by muslims during partitionUmair Liaqat
This document outlines the initial problems faced by Pakistan after its independence in 1947. It discusses 11 major problems: 1) choosing a capital and establishing a government; 2) an unfair boundary distribution; 3) massacres of Muslim refugees in India; 4) the division of military and financial assets; 5) canal water disputes; 6) the Kashmir dispute; 7) constitutional issues; 8) the annexation of princely states; 9) economic problems; 10) administrative challenges; and 11) electricity issues. The document concludes that while Pakistan faced immense difficulties at its founding, the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah helped the nation overcome these problems to develop into a strong country, as he had envisioned.
The group presentation discusses the historical relationship between India and China since 1950. It notes that diplomatic relations were established in 1951 and the Panchsheel Agreement was signed, leading to the period of "Hindi Chini Bhai Bhai" (Indian and Chinese are brothers). However, challenges later emerged such as the 1959 Tibetan uprising and China's support for Pakistan in the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistani wars. Subsequent conflicts included the 1962 Sino-Indian War and border disputes. More recently, tensions have continued due to territorial disputes and incidents like the 2017 Doklam standoff. The presentation concludes that peaceful coexistence requires changes in China's attitude.
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3. Relationship between Pak &
India
These two states of South Asia share
• Historic
• Cultural
• Geographic
• Economic links
But their relationship has been filled with
• Hostility
• Doubt.
4. History
Some major conflicts and disputes between Pak
and India are:
• Partition of British India in 1947
• Kashmir dispute
• Water crisis
• Sir creek issue
• Rann of kutch
• Siachen issue
• Nuclear Deterrence
• Many military conflicts
5. History(Cont)…
• In the early 20th century, the Two Nation Theory
proposed by Jinnah
• Jinnah and Gandhi’s overheated discussions during
times of Independence
• Around five hundred thousand Muslims and
Hindus were murdered
• In 1947 created two large independent countries;
the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan
• Displaced around 12.5 million people
6. Stumbling Blocks
• After Independence, India and Pakistan had
formed diplomatic relations
• Partition and territorial conflicts effected this
relation
• Fought three wars
• Involved in various armed skirmishes and military
standstills
• Conflicts with the creation of Bangladesh &
Kashmir
7. Steps taken for betterment
Steps taken to better the relation inlcudes:
• Agra Summit
• Shimla Summit
• The Lahore Summit
8. Conflicts
After 1980, hostility between
two nations mainly because of:
• The Siachen conflict
• The worsening of the Kashmir insurgency in 1989
• The nuclear tests of India and Pakistan in 1998
• In 1999 the Kargil War
• Attack on the Indian Parliament in 2001
• Bombings in 2007 of the Samjhauta express
• 2008 Mumbai attacks carried out by Pakistani
militants
9. Borders between India and
Pakistan
Radcliffe Line:
• From the Arabian sea, the
naval border follows the
course of Manora Island
of Pakistan to the course
of Mumbai Harbour, in the South eastward
• A site of numerous conflict and wars
• One of the most complex borders in the world
10. Borders(cont)
Line of Control (LoC):
• Refers to the military control
line which separates the Indian
Jammu Kashmir and Azad
Kashmir of Pakistan
• Not a legally recognized international boundary
• Originally known as the "Cease-fire Line“
• Named LOC following the Simla Agreement, 3
July 1972
11. Borders(cont)
International Border (IB):
• Separates the Indian states
and the four provinces of Pak
• Running from the Line of
Control (LoC), in the north,
to Wagha line, in the eastward
• Zero Point separates the Indian
states of Gujarat and Rajasthan
to Sindh province of Pakistan, in the southward
12. Borders(cont)
Wagah border:
• Lies on the Grand Trunk Road
between the cities of Amritsar
in Punjab, India and Lahore in
Punjab, Pakistan
• Only road border
• At a distance of 20 kms from
Amritsar and 22 kms from Lahore.
14. Diplomacies
TRACK TWO DIPLOMACY
• First meeting held in Neemrana Fort in Rajhasthan(1991)
• More than twelve Track Two groups.
• Over twenty other people-to-people exchange programmes.
• A useful and effective conflict management mechanism.
• Facilitate the track one dialogue process between the two
countries.
• Dialogue process immediately after the Kargil crises in
late 90’s.
• Role after the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks.
15. Diplomacies (Cont)
• CULTURAL DIPLOMACY
• Pakistan India cultural relationship can be analyzed
in terms of
Media,
Literature,
Cricket,
Electronic media,
Exchange of artists,
Civil society
Peace activists (e.g. NGOs, GCO,ASSP) and
Educational corporation.
16. Diplomacies (Cont)
CRICKET DIPLOMACY
• Pakistani President General Zia-ul-Haq visit to
India to watch a Test match in 1987.
• Grapevine about President Zia whispering to
Indian PM Rajiv Gandhi that Pakistan had the
nuclear bomb. Help lower the temperature.
• President Musharraf invited by PM Manmohan
Singh on April 17, 2005, and the match ended
very badly for India.
17. Diplomacies (Cont)
TRADE DIPLOMACY
ONION DIPLOMACY
• A crippling shortage of onions in India now and then, due to drought
or other conditions forces New Delhi to turn to Islamabad for
help.
MANGO DIPLOMACY
• PM Nawaz Sharif attempt to reach out to his counterpart Narendra
Modi after the acrimony over Pakistan high commissioner Abdul
Basit's meeting with separatists in September 2014, which forced
India to cancel the foreign secretary-level dialogue
• In 2010, Manmohan Singh to Yusuf Raza Gilani.
• Exchanged ‘Anwar Rataul’ mangoesIn early 1980s Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi and Pakistani leader Gen Zia-ul Haq.
• In 2001, General Pervez Musharraf to Atal Bihari Vajpayee and
Home Minister L K Advani.
18. Diplomacies (Cont)
BACK CHANEL DIPLOMACY
• Started in 2004-2007
• Establish conditions of peace based on the principle of the
Charter of United Nations and the peaceful coexistence
between the countries..
• Agreements on Kashmir Issue.
• Steve Coll in the New Yorker of March 2, 2009, in an
article titled “The Back Channel declared it ‘cleansing
peace’ and a transformational peace between Pakistan and
India.
• Pakistan has also tried later to revive the diplomacy, as a
part of an effort to normalize ties between the two nuclear
neighbors, also more recently in 2013 and 2104.
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
20. Kashmir War(1947-49)
• Kashmir had to accede to either Pakistan or India
based on geographic location and on demographics
• April 1948: Pakistan Army
appreciating the threats in
Muzaffarabad-Kohala axis
• By June, Pakistan had five
brigades holding twelve
Indian brigades
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
21. Kashmir War(1947-49)
Operation Venus
• On Dec 14, by bombardmentBeri Pattan bridge area
was destroyed
• At midnight on 30
December, India asked for
ceasefire Pakistan accepted
• It halted the Indian
offensive
• Closing up to Pakistan 's vital border areas, thus
ended the war in Jammu and Kashmir
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
22. 1965 War
• Indian forces intruded in Rann of Kutch in
April 1965
• Indian forces were ejected, an agreement was
signed: the forces disengaged
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
23. 1965 War(continue)
• Past midnight on 5/6 September
• Indian Army crossed the border
• Attacked Lahore and Kasur fronts
The land battle:
Biggest tank battle:
PAKISTAN INDIA
Patton tanks M4 Sherman tanks
M4 Sherman tanks
(equipped with
90mm guns)
M4 Sherman
tanks(equipped
with 75mm guns)
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
24. 1965 War(continue)
• The air battle:
On 7 September, Squadron Leader
M.M.ALAM(Sitara-i-Juraat) in
his F-86 Sabre shot down five
Indian attacking Hunter aircraft
in a single sortie
Pakistan Army captured:
20 officers, 19 Junior Commissioned Officers, and
569 Other Ranks.
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
26. 1971 War(continued)
• In November India’s massive build up on East
Pakistan border
• 23rd Nov, state of emergency
• 180 Bombs were dropped by
Pakistan, 125 was on target on
Indian air fields
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
27. 1971 War(continued)
Mitro Bahini(Allied forces between Indian
army and Mukti Bahini)
• The land battle :
India captured around 5,500 sq
miles of Pakistan territory
• The sea battle:
Indian Navy proved its superiority
by the success of Operation
Trident
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
28. 1971 War(continued)
• The air battle:
In the east, the small air contingent of Pakistan
Air Force No. 14 Sqn was destroyed
On December 16, the Pakistani forces in
East Pakistan surrendered
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
29. 1971 War(continued)
• India took approximately 93,000 prisoners
• The Simla Agreement
79,676 uniformed 13,324 civilians
800
PAF
5,296
POLICE
16,354
PARAMILITAR
Y
55,692
ARM
Y
1000
NAV
Y
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
30. Kargil War
• Took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil
district of Kashmir
• The infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and Kashmiri
militants into positions on the Indian side of the Line
of Control, caused the war.
• Indian forced a Pakistani withdrawal across the Line
of Control (LoC).
• Pakistan captured several strategic high points in the
Indian-controlled section of Kashmir.
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
31. Kargil War(Cont)
• Pakistan occupied portions of Indian Territory in the
Kargil area
• India defeated Pakistan
• Relations worsened
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
33. Karachi Agreement
Date of Agreement:
27th of July, 1949
Signed in:
Karachi
Signed by:
Pakistan’s Minister Mushtaq
Ahmed Gurmani
The President of Azad Kashmir, Sardar
Mohammed Ibrahim Khan
The head of All Jammu and Kashmir
Muslim Conference, Choudhry Ghulam Abbas
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
34. Karachi Agreement(Cont)
Objective:
A cease-fire agreement in Kashmir
After the first war between India and Pakistan
this agreement was signed to
settle a dispute related to Kashmir between
India and Pakistan.
Result:
As a result of the agreement, ceasefire was done
in Kashmir and a
cease-fire line was established.
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
35. Liaquat-Nehru Pact
Date of Agreement: 8th of April, 195o
Signed in: New Delhi
Signed By:
Indian Prime Minister, Jawahar Lal Nehru
Pakistani Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
36. Objective:
The safe return of the
properties of refugees and
the rights of minorities in
both countries after the Partition of India and to
avert another war between the two countries.
Liaquat-Nehru Pact(Cont)
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
37. Date of Agreement:
19th of September, 1960
Signed in:
Karachi
Signed by:
Pakistani President, General Muhammad
Ayub Khan
Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru
Sindh Taas Agreement
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
38. Sindh Taas Agreement(Cont)
Objective:
To settle the water dispute between the
two countries.
Result:
As a result of the pact, River Ravi, Sutlej and Beas
were given to India whereas Pakistan got the right
on the waters of River Indus, Jhelum and Chenab.
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
39. The Simla Agreement
Date of Agreement:
2nd of July, 1972
Signed in:
Himachal Pradesh
Signed by:
The Prime Minister of Pakistan, Zulfiqar
Ali Bhutto
The Prime Minister of India ,Indira Gandhi
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
40. The Simla Agreement(Cont)
Objective:
To establish peace.
Result:
India released more than
90,000 Pakistani military
prisoners of war (POWs)
and withdrew its troops
from the occupied Pakistani areas
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
41. The Non-Nuclear Aggression
Agreement
Date of Agreement:
21st of September, 1988
Signed in:
Islamabad
Signed by:
Prime Minister of Pakistan ,Benazir Bhutto
Prime Minister of India ,Rajiv Gandhi
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
42. The Non-Nuclear Aggression
Agreement(Cont)
Objective:
It was a bilateral and nuclear weapons control treaty
between the two states on the reduction
(or limitation) of
nuclear arms and pledged not to attack or
assist foreign powers
to attack on each other’s nuclear installations
and facilities
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
43. The Lahore Declaration
Date of Agreement:
21st of February, 1999
Signed in:
Lahore
Signed by:
Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif
Prime Minister of India , Atal Vajpayee
44. The Lahore Declaration
Objectives:
Under the terms of the treaty, a mutual
understanding was reached towards the
development of atomic arsenals and to
avoid accidental and Unauthorized operational use
of nuclear weapons.
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
45. PAK - INDIA TIES:
FOREIGN POLICY
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
47. Foreign policy refers to the sum total of
principles, interests and objectives which
a country promotes while interacting with
other countries.
48. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah,
outlined the goals of Pakistan’s foreign
policy.
The foreign policy of Pakistan seeks to
promote the internationally recognized
norms of interstate relations, i.e.
I. Respect for sovereignty and territorial
integrity of all States,
II. Non-interference in the internal affairs
of other State;
III. Non-aggression and peaceful
settlement of disputes.
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
49. Relationship with New Delhi
Issues of Kashmir.
In 2013 and 2014, Pakistani Foreign Ministry did
not take any initiatives, because of expectation for
parliamentary elections in India.
Building a relationship with the new Prime
Minister of India.
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
50. Periods of normal relations
generally conflict changes of tough statements
three major wars
conflicts at Loc (Line of Control)
despite Pakistan’s effort to improve relations,
India was not forthcoming.
hope of bilateral dialogue on issues.
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
51. Three major wars,
A nuclear arms race,
The dispute over Kashmir and
Strains over water sharing rights.
Issues of national security such as terrorism.
proponents who advocate reconciliation
Trade relations.
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
52. Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru, outlined foreign
policy of India.
Peaceful co-existence with its
neighbour’s the rest of the world.
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
54. Complete border dominance should be
achieved.
Rebooting former Prime Minister offer of
diplomatic overtures for dialogue with
Pakistan.
12/24/2016 12:26 PM
55. Strengthen the United Nations
Establish the principle of
equality among nations
12/24/2016 12:26 PM