3. Relationship between Pak &
India
These two states of South Asia share
• Historic
• Cultural
• Geographic
• Economic links
But their relationship has been filled with
• Hostility
• Doubt.
4. History
Some major conflicts and disputes between Pak
and India are:
• Partition of British India in 1947
• Kashmir dispute
• Water crisis
• Sir creek issue
• Rann of kutch
• Siachen issue
• Nuclear Deterrence
• Many military conflicts
5. History(Cont)…
• In the early 20th century, the Two Nation Theory
proposed by Jinnah
• Jinnah and Gandhi’s overheated discussions during
times of Independence
• Around five hundred thousand Muslims and
Hindus were murdered
• In 1947 created two large independent countries;
the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan
• Displaced around 12.5 million people
6. Stumbling Blocks
• After Independence, India and Pakistan had
formed diplomatic relations
• Partition and territorial conflicts effected this
relation
• Fought three wars
• Involved in various armed skirmishes and military
standstills
• Conflicts with the creation of Bangladesh &
Kashmir
7. Steps taken for betterment
Steps taken to better the relation inlcudes:
• Agra Summit
• Shimla Summit
• The Lahore Summit
8. Conflicts
After 1980, hostility between
two nations mainly because of:
• The Siachen conflict
• The worsening of the Kashmir insurgency in 1989
• The nuclear tests of India and Pakistan in 1998
• In 1999 the Kargil War
• Attack on the Indian Parliament in 2001
• Bombings in 2007 of the Samjhauta express
• 2008 Mumbai attacks carried out by Pakistani
militants
9. Borders between India and
Pakistan
Radcliffe Line:
• From the Arabian sea, the
naval border follows the
course of Manora Island
of Pakistan to the course
of Mumbai Harbour, in the South eastward
• A site of numerous conflict and wars
• One of the most complex borders in the world
10. Borders(cont)
Line of Control (LoC):
• Refers to the military control
line which separates the Indian
Jammu Kashmir and Azad
Kashmir of Pakistan
• Not a legally recognized international boundary
• Originally known as the "Cease-fire Line“
• Named LOC following the Simla Agreement, 3
July 1972
11. Borders(cont)
International Border (IB):
• Separates the Indian states
and the four provinces of Pak
• Running from the Line of
Control (LoC), in the north,
to Wagha line, in the eastward
• Zero Point separates the Indian
states of Gujarat and Rajasthan
to Sindh province of Pakistan, in the southward
12. Borders(cont)
Wagah border:
• Lies on the Grand Trunk Road
between the cities of Amritsar
in Punjab, India and Lahore in
Punjab, Pakistan
• Only road border
• At a distance of 20 kms from
Amritsar and 22 kms from Lahore.
14. Diplomacies
TRACK TWO DIPLOMACY
• First meeting held in Neemrana Fort in Rajhasthan(1991)
• More than twelve Track Two groups.
• Over twenty other people-to-people exchange programmes.
• A useful and effective conflict management mechanism.
• Facilitate the track one dialogue process between the two
countries.
• Dialogue process immediately after the Kargil crises in
late 90’s.
• Role after the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks.
15. Diplomacies (Cont)
• CULTURAL DIPLOMACY
• Pakistan India cultural relationship can be analyzed
in terms of
Media,
Literature,
Cricket,
Electronic media,
Exchange of artists,
Civil society
Peace activists (e.g. NGOs, GCO,ASSP) and
Educational corporation.
16. Diplomacies (Cont)
CRICKET DIPLOMACY
• Pakistani President General Zia-ul-Haq visit to
India to watch a Test match in 1987.
• Grapevine about President Zia whispering to
Indian PM Rajiv Gandhi that Pakistan had the
nuclear bomb. Help lower the temperature.
• President Musharraf invited by PM Manmohan
Singh on April 17, 2005, and the match ended
very badly for India.
17. Diplomacies (Cont)
TRADE DIPLOMACY
ONION DIPLOMACY
• A crippling shortage of onions in India now and then, due to drought
or other conditions forces New Delhi to turn to Islamabad for
help.
MANGO DIPLOMACY
• PM Nawaz Sharif attempt to reach out to his counterpart Narendra
Modi after the acrimony over Pakistan high commissioner Abdul
Basit's meeting with separatists in September 2014, which forced
India to cancel the foreign secretary-level dialogue
• In 2010, Manmohan Singh to Yusuf Raza Gilani.
• Exchanged ‘Anwar Rataul’ mangoesIn early 1980s Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi and Pakistani leader Gen Zia-ul Haq.
• In 2001, General Pervez Musharraf to Atal Bihari Vajpayee and
Home Minister L K Advani.
18. Diplomacies (Cont)
BACK CHANEL DIPLOMACY
• Started in 2004-2007
• Establish conditions of peace based on the principle of the
Charter of United Nations and the peaceful coexistence
between the countries..
• Agreements on Kashmir Issue.
• Steve Coll in the New Yorker of March 2, 2009, in an
article titled “The Back Channel declared it ‘cleansing
peace’ and a transformational peace between Pakistan and
India.
• Pakistan has also tried later to revive the diplomacy, as a
part of an effort to normalize ties between the two nuclear
neighbors, also more recently in 2013 and 2104.
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20. Kashmir War(1947-49)
• Kashmir had to accede to either Pakistan or India
based on geographic location and on demographics
• April 1948: Pakistan Army
appreciating the threats in
Muzaffarabad-Kohala axis
• By June, Pakistan had five
brigades holding twelve
Indian brigades
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21. Kashmir War(1947-49)
Operation Venus
• On Dec 14, by bombardmentBeri Pattan bridge area
was destroyed
• At midnight on 30
December, India asked for
ceasefire Pakistan accepted
• It halted the Indian
offensive
• Closing up to Pakistan 's vital border areas, thus
ended the war in Jammu and Kashmir
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22. 1965 War
• Indian forces intruded in Rann of Kutch in
April 1965
• Indian forces were ejected, an agreement was
signed: the forces disengaged
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23. 1965 War(continue)
• Past midnight on 5/6 September
• Indian Army crossed the border
• Attacked Lahore and Kasur fronts
The land battle:
Biggest tank battle:
PAKISTAN INDIA
Patton tanks M4 Sherman tanks
M4 Sherman tanks
(equipped with
90mm guns)
M4 Sherman
tanks(equipped
with 75mm guns)
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24. 1965 War(continue)
• The air battle:
On 7 September, Squadron Leader
M.M.ALAM(Sitara-i-Juraat) in
his F-86 Sabre shot down five
Indian attacking Hunter aircraft
in a single sortie
Pakistan Army captured:
20 officers, 19 Junior Commissioned Officers, and
569 Other Ranks.
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26. 1971 War(continued)
• In November India’s massive build up on East
Pakistan border
• 23rd Nov, state of emergency
• 180 Bombs were dropped by
Pakistan, 125 was on target on
Indian air fields
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27. 1971 War(continued)
Mitro Bahini(Allied forces between Indian
army and Mukti Bahini)
• The land battle :
India captured around 5,500 sq
miles of Pakistan territory
• The sea battle:
Indian Navy proved its superiority
by the success of Operation
Trident
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28. 1971 War(continued)
• The air battle:
In the east, the small air contingent of Pakistan
Air Force No. 14 Sqn was destroyed
On December 16, the Pakistani forces in
East Pakistan surrendered
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29. 1971 War(continued)
• India took approximately 93,000 prisoners
• The Simla Agreement
79,676 uniformed 13,324 civilians
800
PAF
5,296
POLICE
16,354
PARAMILITAR
Y
55,692
ARM
Y
1000
NAV
Y
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30. Kargil War
• Took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil
district of Kashmir
• The infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and Kashmiri
militants into positions on the Indian side of the Line
of Control, caused the war.
• Indian forced a Pakistani withdrawal across the Line
of Control (LoC).
• Pakistan captured several strategic high points in the
Indian-controlled section of Kashmir.
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31. Kargil War(Cont)
• Pakistan occupied portions of Indian Territory in the
Kargil area
• India defeated Pakistan
• Relations worsened
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33. Karachi Agreement
Date of Agreement:
27th of July, 1949
Signed in:
Karachi
Signed by:
Pakistan’s Minister Mushtaq
Ahmed Gurmani
The President of Azad Kashmir, Sardar
Mohammed Ibrahim Khan
The head of All Jammu and Kashmir
Muslim Conference, Choudhry Ghulam Abbas
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34. Karachi Agreement(Cont)
Objective:
A cease-fire agreement in Kashmir
After the first war between India and Pakistan
this agreement was signed to
settle a dispute related to Kashmir between
India and Pakistan.
Result:
As a result of the agreement, ceasefire was done
in Kashmir and a
cease-fire line was established.
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35. Liaquat-Nehru Pact
Date of Agreement: 8th of April, 195o
Signed in: New Delhi
Signed By:
Indian Prime Minister, Jawahar Lal Nehru
Pakistani Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan
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36. Objective:
The safe return of the
properties of refugees and
the rights of minorities in
both countries after the Partition of India and to
avert another war between the two countries.
Liaquat-Nehru Pact(Cont)
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37. Date of Agreement:
19th of September, 1960
Signed in:
Karachi
Signed by:
Pakistani President, General Muhammad
Ayub Khan
Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru
Sindh Taas Agreement
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38. Sindh Taas Agreement(Cont)
Objective:
To settle the water dispute between the
two countries.
Result:
As a result of the pact, River Ravi, Sutlej and Beas
were given to India whereas Pakistan got the right
on the waters of River Indus, Jhelum and Chenab.
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39. The Simla Agreement
Date of Agreement:
2nd of July, 1972
Signed in:
Himachal Pradesh
Signed by:
The Prime Minister of Pakistan, Zulfiqar
Ali Bhutto
The Prime Minister of India ,Indira Gandhi
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40. The Simla Agreement(Cont)
Objective:
To establish peace.
Result:
India released more than
90,000 Pakistani military
prisoners of war (POWs)
and withdrew its troops
from the occupied Pakistani areas
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41. The Non-Nuclear Aggression
Agreement
Date of Agreement:
21st of September, 1988
Signed in:
Islamabad
Signed by:
Prime Minister of Pakistan ,Benazir Bhutto
Prime Minister of India ,Rajiv Gandhi
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42. The Non-Nuclear Aggression
Agreement(Cont)
Objective:
It was a bilateral and nuclear weapons control treaty
between the two states on the reduction
(or limitation) of
nuclear arms and pledged not to attack or
assist foreign powers
to attack on each other’s nuclear installations
and facilities
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43. The Lahore Declaration
Date of Agreement:
21st of February, 1999
Signed in:
Lahore
Signed by:
Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif
Prime Minister of India , Atal Vajpayee
44. The Lahore Declaration
Objectives:
Under the terms of the treaty, a mutual
understanding was reached towards the
development of atomic arsenals and to
avoid accidental and Unauthorized operational use
of nuclear weapons.
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45. PAK - INDIA TIES:
FOREIGN POLICY
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47. Foreign policy refers to the sum total of
principles, interests and objectives which
a country promotes while interacting with
other countries.
48. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah,
outlined the goals of Pakistan’s foreign
policy.
The foreign policy of Pakistan seeks to
promote the internationally recognized
norms of interstate relations, i.e.
I. Respect for sovereignty and territorial
integrity of all States,
II. Non-interference in the internal affairs
of other State;
III. Non-aggression and peaceful
settlement of disputes.
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49. Relationship with New Delhi
Issues of Kashmir.
In 2013 and 2014, Pakistani Foreign Ministry did
not take any initiatives, because of expectation for
parliamentary elections in India.
Building a relationship with the new Prime
Minister of India.
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50. Periods of normal relations
generally conflict changes of tough statements
three major wars
conflicts at Loc (Line of Control)
despite Pakistan’s effort to improve relations,
India was not forthcoming.
hope of bilateral dialogue on issues.
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51. Three major wars,
A nuclear arms race,
The dispute over Kashmir and
Strains over water sharing rights.
Issues of national security such as terrorism.
proponents who advocate reconciliation
Trade relations.
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52. Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru, outlined foreign
policy of India.
Peaceful co-existence with its
neighbour’s the rest of the world.
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54. Complete border dominance should be
achieved.
Rebooting former Prime Minister offer of
diplomatic overtures for dialogue with
Pakistan.
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55. Strengthen the United Nations
Establish the principle of
equality among nations
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