The document summarizes the relationship between Pakistan and India, outlining their shared history, cultural ties, ongoing disputes, and diplomatic efforts. It notes that while the two states have historic and economic links, their relationship has also been defined by hostility and conflict over issues like Kashmir and partition. It provides details on the multiple wars fought between Pakistan and India since independence and discusses several treaties signed in an effort to reduce tensions, including the Karachi Agreement, Liaquat-Nehru Pact, Sindh Taas Agreement, and Simla Agreement.
The partition of British India in 1947 divided the subcontinent into two independent states - India and Pakistan. This caused mass violence as millions of Hindus and Muslims migrated between the two new countries. Ongoing disputes over the territories of Jammu and Kashmir led to wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. Water sharing of the Indus River also remained a source of conflict until the 1960 Indus Water Treaty. However, resolving the issues of Kashmir and fully implementing the water treaty remain important for improving relations between the two countries.
pakistan and india relation till 1947 to 2016Usama Ahmad
43 slides•37.7K views
The document summarizes the history of relations between India and Pakistan since their partition in 1947. It discusses key events and disputes that have strained relations such as the partition of British India, the Kashmir dispute, several Indo-Pakistan wars, and ongoing tensions over terrorism. While the two countries have had hostile relations for decades, they have also attempted negotiations and agreements to reduce tensions, such as the Simla Agreement and later composite dialogue processes.
India and Pakistan share linguistic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, yet their relation has been mired in complexity due to a number of historical and political events.
Indo-Pak relations have been defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947, the Jammu & Kashmir conflict and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations.
The partition of British India was one of the largest human migrations ever seen and sparked bloody massacres of refugees across the region. It displaced up to 12.5 million people, with an estimated loss of life of 1 million. India became a secular nation with a Hindu majority population and a large Muslim minority, while Pakistan emerged as an Islamic republic with an overwhelming Muslim majority population and a very small population subscribing to other faiths.
This document provides an acknowledgment and summary of a course project report on India-Pakistan relations prepared by nine students. It thanks their professor for the opportunity and notes they tried to be unbiased. The three main sections discuss the reasons and results of the partition of India in 1947, including the two-nation theory and power politics involved. It also summarizes the major conflicts between India and Pakistan after independence, including disputes over irrigation water, Kashmir, and wars in 1965 and 1999.
This document summarizes Pak-India relations since their partition in 1947. It outlines key events that have strained their relationship such as the Kashmir dispute, three Indo-Pakistan wars between 1965-1971, the Kargil War in 1999, and recent tensions in 2019. While agreements like the Indus Water Treaty and Simla Agreement have aimed to reduce tensions, disputes over Kashmir and cross-border attacks have typically undermined efforts to build trust and cooperation between the two countries.
China has over 5,000 years of history spanning many dynasties and emperors. In 1949, the People's Republic of China was formed under Mao Zedong. Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognize China in 1950, strengthening their diplomatic relations. Since then, China has been Pakistan's strongest ally and largest provider of military and economic assistance, helping with numerous infrastructure projects through their growing trade relationship.
The document summarizes the history of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan from 1947 to 1997. It details how Kashmir's ruler initially opted for independence but then signed onto accession with India, leading Pakistan to send forces and sparking the first war over Kashmir in 1947. The conflict has since involved UN resolutions and mediation attempts, as well as additional wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. Insurgencies also began in Indian-administered Kashmir in 1989, straining relations further and raising nuclear tensions between the neighbors.
The document discusses the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan over control of the Kashmir region. It provides background on the history and division of Kashmir, positions of India and Pakistan, and UN involvement. The UN has brokered ceasefires but an attempted plebiscite to determine Kashmir's status has been delayed. The document proposes that the UN take a more proactive role by encouraging normalized relations between India and Pakistan and providing peacekeeping forces to secure borders and prevent militant movement.
The document summarizes Sino-Pakistani relations from 1947 to 2017. It discusses major agreements between China and Pakistan, China's support for Pakistan's nuclear program and during wars with India. It outlines China's projects with Pakistan and other Asian countries through initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and One Belt One Road. These infrastructure and development projects strengthen economic and strategic ties between China and Pakistan.
The document discusses the top 10 reasons for the long-standing conflict between India and Pakistan since their formation as independent states in 1947. The key reasons include the partition which displaced millions, the disputed territory of Kashmir, and the wars fought between the two countries over Kashmir in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and 1999. The conflict has been exacerbated by both countries developing nuclear weapons capability. The issue of Kashmir remains unresolved and is the fundamental cause of tensions between India and Pakistan.
The 1971 Indo-Pakistani War began in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in March 1971 and culminated in East Pakistan declaring independence as Bangladesh in December 1971. The war broke out due to political and economic discrimination of East Pakistan by West Pakistan which led to Bengali nationalist movements. In December 1971, Pakistan launched air strikes on India, beginning the war. India supported the Mukti Bahini insurgency in East Pakistan with arms and training. By December, Indian and Mukti Bahini forces defeated Pakistan in East Pakistan, leading to the creation of Bangladesh. Over 90,000 Pakistani troops surrendered in East Pakistan, marking the end of the war and the largest military surrender since World War II.
Pakistan has an important geopolitical position due to its location between major countries and access to resources. It borders China, Afghanistan, India, and Iran and has coastline on the Arabian Sea. Pakistan has natural resources and is an important transit country between Central Asia, the Middle East and South Asia. Its location gives it strategic importance and influences its relationships with neighboring countries like China and Afghanistan.
Pakistan and Iran have historically close relations due to their shared border, religious and cultural ties. Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan after its independence. The two countries have supported each other in times of need, such as during the 1971 war for Bangladeshi independence and after natural disasters. While relations became strained after Pakistan allied with the US post-9/11, the two countries have sought to improve economic and security cooperation in recent years through projects like gas pipelines and improving border management. High-level military visits between the two countries in 2017 and 2018 aim to further strengthen bilateral relations.
The document summarizes the history and current state of relations between Pakistan and Iran. It notes that Pakistan and Iran have longstanding cultural, economic, and political ties dating back to 1949. Key points of cooperation have included trade agreements, joint economic commissions, Iranian support for Pakistan in its wars with India, and discussions around a proposed natural gas pipeline to strengthen economic integration. However, tensions have also emerged at times due to differing positions on issues like the Afghan conflict and Iran's nuclear program. Overall the document outlines the complex relationship between the two neighboring countries.
The document summarizes the history of Pakistan and China's diplomatic relationship from 1950 to present day. It outlines key events such as the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1951 and China's support for Pakistan during its wars with India. It also discusses major cooperative economic projects between the two countries like the Karakoram Highway and China's investments in Pakistan's infrastructure and energy sector through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor initiative. The relationship has strengthened over time based on strategic interests and mutual economic and military support.
The document summarizes the history of conflict in Kashmir between India and Pakistan since 1947, including three wars over the region. It also outlines various laws enacted by India in Kashmir that have been criticized for enabling human rights abuses like arbitrary arrests, shootings, and torture by security forces. The document notes reports of thousands of enforced disappearances of Kashmiri youth as well as mass graves containing unidentified bodies.
The document summarizes the history of Pakistan-US relations from 1947 to the present. It discusses the various defense agreements signed between the two countries during the Cold War era and periods of cooperation as well as tensions, particularly related to Pakistan's nuclear program. Key events covered include Pakistan's involvement in US intelligence operations during the Cold War, the impact of regional conflicts like the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistan wars, imposition of sanctions under presidents Carter and Reagan, and Pakistan's role in the Soviet-Afghan war.
The document discusses the long-standing relationship between Pakistan and China. It began in the 1950s with diplomatic relations and has since expanded to include strong economic and military cooperation. China has supported Pakistan's nuclear program and is a major investor in Pakistan's infrastructure projects through initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. The relationship is described as an "all-weather friendship" that benefits both countries' strategic and economic interests in the region.
Pakistan claims Jammu and Kashmir based on its majority Muslim population, whereas China claims the Shaksam Valley and Aksai Chin. The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict primarily between India and Pakistan, having started just after the partition of India in 1947. ... The present conflict is in Kashmir Valley
This document discusses the history of relations between Pakistan and India from 1947 to 2016. It notes several issues that have caused tensions, such as the Kashmir issue, water treaties, terrorism, and line of control violations. It also summarizes the major wars between Pakistan and India in 1947, 1965, 1971, 1999 and the Kargil War. The nuclear programs and tests of both countries are also briefly outlined. In conclusion, it states that India and Pakistan must resolve the Kashmir issue and water treaties to improve their relationship.
The document discusses the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project. It provides background on the long-standing relationship between China and Pakistan. CPEC is a major investment program that involves developing transportation and energy infrastructure connecting China and Pakistan. The project aims to benefit Pakistan through increased trade, investment, and job creation, while providing China with improved access to Middle Eastern and Central Asian markets. CPEC could also offer opportunities to boost trade for other regional countries like India, Afghanistan, and Central Asian nations.
Pakistan initially pursued a policy of non-alignment during the Cold War, receiving invitations from both the US and USSR. However, Pakistan ultimately joined the US bloc due to its need for military and economic assistance, ideological alignment with Western democracy, and the US's willingness to help resolve the Kashmir dispute versus the USSR's neutral stance. While US aid provided benefits, it also damaged relations with other Muslim states and led the USSR to increase support for India. In later decades Pakistan sought to diversify its alliances, improving ties with both the USSR and China while reducing dependence on the US.
This document discusses Pakistan's relationship with the United Nations from its emergence as a nation in 1947 to its contributions to UN peacekeeping missions. It covers Pakistan's disputes with neighboring countries such as Afghanistan and India over issues like borders and water rights. It also summarizes several UN peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan such as those in Congo, Bosnia, Somalia, and Sierra Leone. Pakistan has been one of the top contributors of troops to UN peacekeeping and has played an important role in many missions over the decades.
The document summarizes the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan. It provides geographical and historical context, describing Kashmir as a disputed region with a Muslim majority population administered in parts by India, Pakistan, and China. It outlines the wars fought between India and Pakistan over Kashmir in 1947-1948, 1965, and 1971. The current situation involves ongoing violence and civilian casualties, with India accused of human rights violations. Both countries claim Kashmir but have been urged to resolve the dispute bilaterally through negotiations.
The document outlines the changing diplomatic relations between Pakistan and the Soviet Union from 1947 to 1988. It began with Pakistan refusing Soviet aid and aligning with the US in the 1950s. Relations fluctuated depending on various geopolitical events and alignments, with periods of both cooperation and deterioration. They hit a low point in the late 1970s and 1980s due to Pakistan supporting US efforts in Afghanistan while the Soviet Union occupied the country.
Ayub Khan served as the President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. He came to power through a military coup and declared martial law. During his rule, he introduced several reforms including land reforms, establishing industries, building dams for agriculture. However, he faced increasing criticism over corruption, nepotism, and his handling of the 1965 war with India. While there were some developments under his rule, he was unable to maintain national harmony in Pakistan.
This document discusses various aspects of India-Pakistan relations over time. It notes a history of conflict and distrust between the two countries, despite periods of attempted cooperation, and argues that unilateral goodwill from India has not yielded benefits. It suggests India needs to maintain military superiority and adopt a harder line policy of deterrence and retaliation to discourage future attacks from Pakistan. People-to-people contacts and trade alone will not improve relations due to indoctrination in Pakistan.
The document discusses the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan over control of the Kashmir region. It provides background on the history and division of Kashmir, positions of India and Pakistan, and UN involvement. The UN has brokered ceasefires but an attempted plebiscite to determine Kashmir's status has been delayed. The document proposes that the UN take a more proactive role by encouraging normalized relations between India and Pakistan and providing peacekeeping forces to secure borders and prevent militant movement.
The document summarizes Sino-Pakistani relations from 1947 to 2017. It discusses major agreements between China and Pakistan, China's support for Pakistan's nuclear program and during wars with India. It outlines China's projects with Pakistan and other Asian countries through initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and One Belt One Road. These infrastructure and development projects strengthen economic and strategic ties between China and Pakistan.
The document discusses the top 10 reasons for the long-standing conflict between India and Pakistan since their formation as independent states in 1947. The key reasons include the partition which displaced millions, the disputed territory of Kashmir, and the wars fought between the two countries over Kashmir in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and 1999. The conflict has been exacerbated by both countries developing nuclear weapons capability. The issue of Kashmir remains unresolved and is the fundamental cause of tensions between India and Pakistan.
The 1971 Indo-Pakistani War began in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in March 1971 and culminated in East Pakistan declaring independence as Bangladesh in December 1971. The war broke out due to political and economic discrimination of East Pakistan by West Pakistan which led to Bengali nationalist movements. In December 1971, Pakistan launched air strikes on India, beginning the war. India supported the Mukti Bahini insurgency in East Pakistan with arms and training. By December, Indian and Mukti Bahini forces defeated Pakistan in East Pakistan, leading to the creation of Bangladesh. Over 90,000 Pakistani troops surrendered in East Pakistan, marking the end of the war and the largest military surrender since World War II.
Pakistan has an important geopolitical position due to its location between major countries and access to resources. It borders China, Afghanistan, India, and Iran and has coastline on the Arabian Sea. Pakistan has natural resources and is an important transit country between Central Asia, the Middle East and South Asia. Its location gives it strategic importance and influences its relationships with neighboring countries like China and Afghanistan.
Pakistan and Iran have historically close relations due to their shared border, religious and cultural ties. Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan after its independence. The two countries have supported each other in times of need, such as during the 1971 war for Bangladeshi independence and after natural disasters. While relations became strained after Pakistan allied with the US post-9/11, the two countries have sought to improve economic and security cooperation in recent years through projects like gas pipelines and improving border management. High-level military visits between the two countries in 2017 and 2018 aim to further strengthen bilateral relations.
The document summarizes the history and current state of relations between Pakistan and Iran. It notes that Pakistan and Iran have longstanding cultural, economic, and political ties dating back to 1949. Key points of cooperation have included trade agreements, joint economic commissions, Iranian support for Pakistan in its wars with India, and discussions around a proposed natural gas pipeline to strengthen economic integration. However, tensions have also emerged at times due to differing positions on issues like the Afghan conflict and Iran's nuclear program. Overall the document outlines the complex relationship between the two neighboring countries.
The document summarizes the history of Pakistan and China's diplomatic relationship from 1950 to present day. It outlines key events such as the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1951 and China's support for Pakistan during its wars with India. It also discusses major cooperative economic projects between the two countries like the Karakoram Highway and China's investments in Pakistan's infrastructure and energy sector through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor initiative. The relationship has strengthened over time based on strategic interests and mutual economic and military support.
The document summarizes the history of conflict in Kashmir between India and Pakistan since 1947, including three wars over the region. It also outlines various laws enacted by India in Kashmir that have been criticized for enabling human rights abuses like arbitrary arrests, shootings, and torture by security forces. The document notes reports of thousands of enforced disappearances of Kashmiri youth as well as mass graves containing unidentified bodies.
The document summarizes the history of Pakistan-US relations from 1947 to the present. It discusses the various defense agreements signed between the two countries during the Cold War era and periods of cooperation as well as tensions, particularly related to Pakistan's nuclear program. Key events covered include Pakistan's involvement in US intelligence operations during the Cold War, the impact of regional conflicts like the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistan wars, imposition of sanctions under presidents Carter and Reagan, and Pakistan's role in the Soviet-Afghan war.
The document discusses the long-standing relationship between Pakistan and China. It began in the 1950s with diplomatic relations and has since expanded to include strong economic and military cooperation. China has supported Pakistan's nuclear program and is a major investor in Pakistan's infrastructure projects through initiatives like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. The relationship is described as an "all-weather friendship" that benefits both countries' strategic and economic interests in the region.
Pakistan claims Jammu and Kashmir based on its majority Muslim population, whereas China claims the Shaksam Valley and Aksai Chin. The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict primarily between India and Pakistan, having started just after the partition of India in 1947. ... The present conflict is in Kashmir Valley
This document discusses the history of relations between Pakistan and India from 1947 to 2016. It notes several issues that have caused tensions, such as the Kashmir issue, water treaties, terrorism, and line of control violations. It also summarizes the major wars between Pakistan and India in 1947, 1965, 1971, 1999 and the Kargil War. The nuclear programs and tests of both countries are also briefly outlined. In conclusion, it states that India and Pakistan must resolve the Kashmir issue and water treaties to improve their relationship.
The document discusses the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) project. It provides background on the long-standing relationship between China and Pakistan. CPEC is a major investment program that involves developing transportation and energy infrastructure connecting China and Pakistan. The project aims to benefit Pakistan through increased trade, investment, and job creation, while providing China with improved access to Middle Eastern and Central Asian markets. CPEC could also offer opportunities to boost trade for other regional countries like India, Afghanistan, and Central Asian nations.
Pakistan initially pursued a policy of non-alignment during the Cold War, receiving invitations from both the US and USSR. However, Pakistan ultimately joined the US bloc due to its need for military and economic assistance, ideological alignment with Western democracy, and the US's willingness to help resolve the Kashmir dispute versus the USSR's neutral stance. While US aid provided benefits, it also damaged relations with other Muslim states and led the USSR to increase support for India. In later decades Pakistan sought to diversify its alliances, improving ties with both the USSR and China while reducing dependence on the US.
This document discusses Pakistan's relationship with the United Nations from its emergence as a nation in 1947 to its contributions to UN peacekeeping missions. It covers Pakistan's disputes with neighboring countries such as Afghanistan and India over issues like borders and water rights. It also summarizes several UN peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan such as those in Congo, Bosnia, Somalia, and Sierra Leone. Pakistan has been one of the top contributors of troops to UN peacekeeping and has played an important role in many missions over the decades.
The document summarizes the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan. It provides geographical and historical context, describing Kashmir as a disputed region with a Muslim majority population administered in parts by India, Pakistan, and China. It outlines the wars fought between India and Pakistan over Kashmir in 1947-1948, 1965, and 1971. The current situation involves ongoing violence and civilian casualties, with India accused of human rights violations. Both countries claim Kashmir but have been urged to resolve the dispute bilaterally through negotiations.
The document outlines the changing diplomatic relations between Pakistan and the Soviet Union from 1947 to 1988. It began with Pakistan refusing Soviet aid and aligning with the US in the 1950s. Relations fluctuated depending on various geopolitical events and alignments, with periods of both cooperation and deterioration. They hit a low point in the late 1970s and 1980s due to Pakistan supporting US efforts in Afghanistan while the Soviet Union occupied the country.
Ayub Khan served as the President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. He came to power through a military coup and declared martial law. During his rule, he introduced several reforms including land reforms, establishing industries, building dams for agriculture. However, he faced increasing criticism over corruption, nepotism, and his handling of the 1965 war with India. While there were some developments under his rule, he was unable to maintain national harmony in Pakistan.
This document discusses various aspects of India-Pakistan relations over time. It notes a history of conflict and distrust between the two countries, despite periods of attempted cooperation, and argues that unilateral goodwill from India has not yielded benefits. It suggests India needs to maintain military superiority and adopt a harder line policy of deterrence and retaliation to discourage future attacks from Pakistan. People-to-people contacts and trade alone will not improve relations due to indoctrination in Pakistan.
International Relations Between India And PakistanKunal
9 slides•21.1K views
In 1947, British India was partitioned along religious lines into India and Pakistan, displacing millions and killing hundreds of thousands. This caused ongoing tensions over the region of Kashmir, which both countries claim. In 1971, India supported the independence of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), fighting a war with Pakistan and taking many prisoners. During the Cold War era, international relations between India and Pakistan deteriorated further as the two countries aligned with opposing global alliances. By the late 1990s, both had developed nuclear weapons amid increasing tensions, worrying the international community and leading to aid restrictions. The 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks, carried out by Pakistan-trained groups, further strained relations between the neighboring nations despite religious diversity now existing within both countries.
The document discusses tensions between India and Pakistan over several decades. Key events include nuclear tests by both countries in 1998, military strikes by India in Kashmir in 1999, and the creation of India and Pakistan as separate states from Britain in 1947. The document also mentions the 1971 conflict in East Pakistan, Pakistan's relations with the US, insurgent activity in Kashmir allegedly supported by Pakistan, and the countries' history as long-time cricket rivals. It discusses both countries' missile capabilities and no-first-use policies regarding nuclear weapons.
This document summarizes an assignment on India-Pakistan long term relations. It discusses how the relations have been characterized by hostility since independence in 1947 due to disputes like Kashmir and border issues. It notes that both countries have allowed military capabilities to influence their relations. The future of relations depends on how each country assesses the geopolitical environment in South Asia and moves towards reconciliation without threatening the other. Bilateral disputes like Kashmir have been a central cause of tensions, and the dispute is important to Pakistan for ideological and strategic reasons.
At the Little Rann of Kutch, salt production generates much higher economic value (Rs 694 million) than tourism (Rs 276 million) or biodiversity (Rs 136 million) but it’s also more damaging to the ecology. Tourism will help conserve biodiversity because most tourists come for the birds but they have less economic values and hence lesser attention.
The document discusses Indo-Pak relations from the perspective of young students. It describes examples of students from both countries expressing friendship and a desire for peace between the neighbors. However, it also notes examples of some immature minds promoting hostility instead of friendship. The document argues that shaping young minds with values of love and peace should be a priority, as it is the key to creating a more harmonious society between the two countries in the future.
PakISTAN & india relations IN URDU PPT BY BADSHAH03062679929
38 slides•9.5K views
Since partition in 1947, relations between India and Pakistan have been defined by tensions, misunderstandings, and wars over disputes like Kashmir. Both countries have failed to build mutual trust due to their unresolved conflicts and lack of cooperation. However, overcoming short-sighted policies and rethinking their approaches to one another could help India and Pakistan improve their relationship.
The document discusses several themes in William Wordsworth's poems, including the beneficial influence of nature, the power of the human mind, the splendor of childhood, and transcendence. It also provides context on Wordsworth's life and career, including details about his magnum opus "The Prelude." Finally, it analyzes the form and rhyme scheme of Wordsworth's poem "The Solitary Reaper."
This document provides an overview of the economy and industries of Kutch district in India. Some key points:
- Kutch has emerged as a major industrial hub with industries such as chemicals, minerals, textiles, engineering and ports. The district accounts for 39.07% of industrial projects under implementation in Gujarat.
- Major economic drivers include minerals, ports, engineering, steel pipes, cement, salt production and tourism. The district has large reserves of minerals like lignite, limestone and bauxite.
- Industrial parks and special economic zones are located across multiple talukas and sectors like ports, textiles and engineering to boost economic growth. Mundra port is a key logistics and trade hub
Myths and misconceptions of indo pak history part 8Agha A
42 slides•626 views
Yet in 1857 the Indians or at least a part of them both Hindus and Muslims combined and made one very desperate yet valiant effort to oust the British. Till this time the Hindus acknowledged the Muslim political supremacy since we see the Bengal Army which was predominantly Hindu, fighting for Muslim sovereigns at Delhi and in Oudh!
But when this great rebellion failed there was the parting of the ways! The Muslims of the post-1857 had no choice but to please the British to avoid Hindu domination!
The Hindu’s problems had completely ended!
All they had to do was to play a waiting game.
They knew that one day the British will have to go and then they, the ones who had been ruled and subjugated by a minority from the 12th century till almost the 18th century would dominate the Indo-Pak sub- continent, just like they were about to do around 1799 and till 1803 when the EEIC challenged the Hindu Mahratta rule!
The Muslim post-1857 problems were more complex, they had to escape Hindu domination and they also had to face the British.
The policy they adopted after 1857 was “Loyalty to the British”.
Issues of conflict between india and pakistanFaizan Shabbir
14 slides•8.1K views
The document outlines several key issues of conflict between India and Pakistan, including Sir Creek, the Siachin Glacier, and water disputes. Sir Creek is an unresolved maritime boundary in the Runn of Kutch region, which both countries claim. The Siachin Glacier is a strategically important mountainous region where both countries maintain a permanent military presence. There are also ongoing water disputes around dams and hydroelectric projects on rivers like the Chenab that flow between the two countries. These issues remain unresolved sources of tension despite numerous negotiations and treaties over the decades.
The document summarizes the long and complex history between Pakistan and India, including their independence in 1947 which led to disputes over the region of Kashmir, sparking their First War. Their Second War in 1965 ended in a stalemate, while their Third War in 1971 was triggered by Pakistan's oppression of Bengalis and resulted in the creation of Bangladesh after India's victory over Pakistan. Subsequent conflicts have remained limited in scope.
Pakistan & India relationships Over the Years by ZZSyed Zahoor
17 slides•5K views
The document discusses Pakistan and India's relationship over time based on the perspectives of various Pakistani politicians and civil society leaders. It outlines a history of tensions and conflicts between the two countries, as well as periods of more positive diplomacy and peace talks. Imran Khan, leader of the PTI party, is discussed as advocating for increased economic cooperation, open borders, and a resolution of the Kashmir issue in order to improve relations. Benazir Bhutto is also mentioned, noting her views evolved from supporting Kashmiri separatism to calling for economic integration between Pakistan and India.
1. Lahore has been inhabited for over 3,000 years and was originally known by names like Lavapuri and Labokla.
2. Ancient texts and travelers referred to the city under variations of its name such as Loha-wr, Laha-wr and Lao-hore dating back to the 1st millennium AD.
3. By the 10th century AD, Lahore was well established as a city and referred to as such in documents of the time.
The document summarizes the 1965 war between Pakistan and India over the disputed region of Kashmir. It provides background on the establishment of Pakistan and conflicts over Kashmir. It describes India's attacks on multiple fronts on September 6, 1965 and the heroic response of the Pakistani military and people in defending their country against overwhelming odds for 17 days, guided by Islamic teachings. It highlights Major Raja Aziz Bhatti's martyrdom during the war and notes that both Pakistan and India awarded their countries' highest military honors to heroes who fought in the war.
The document summarizes the water dispute between India and Pakistan over the Indus River basin. It provides background on how the dispute arose after partition and India's actions to cutoff water supply. It then discusses the role of the World Bank in brokering negotiations between the two countries, which led to the signing of the landmark Indus Waters Treaty in 1960. The treaty allocated control and usage of the six rivers of the Indus basin between India and Pakistan.
Kashmir issue : Media & Current Affairs : Student CollaborationAli Haider Saeed
27 slides•758 views
An illustration of student-teacher collaborative discussion model in the subject of Media & Current Affairs during the Fall session 2020, Students engaged in the discussion on Kashmir ISsue
The Kashmir conflict involves four parties - India, Pakistan, China, and Kashmiris. Kashmir was historically ruled by a Hindu maharaja but has a majority Muslim population. At independence, the maharaja signed Kashmir to India but Pakistan disputes this. The region has been a source of conflict through three wars and ongoing tensions. Both countries claim the region but the UN has called for a plebiscite to let Kashmiris decide their own fate. The dispute remains unresolved with no clear solution in sight.
This document discusses India's relationships with its neighboring countries. It covers India's geographical situation sharing borders with Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. It discusses the historical disputes and conflicts with Pakistan over Kashmir and Bangladeshi independence. It outlines the three India-Pakistan wars in 1965, 1971 and 1999 over Kashmir. It also discusses issues with China over border disputes and competing interests in the region. It briefly mentions water disputes with Bangladesh and Sri Lanka and India's interest in ensuring justice for Tamil minorities in Sri Lanka. The document advocates for good relations between neighbors for mutual economic and security benefits.
The document discusses Pakistan's foreign policy and relations with India. It lists group members for a presentation and covers topics like the partition of British India, the Kashmir dispute, wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971, and the Indus Water Treaty. It describes the religious differences between Islam and Hinduism, massacres during partition, and key events and outcomes of the wars. It concludes that resolving the Kashmir issue and water treaty would help improve relations between the two countries.
An armed conflict concerns government and/or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, results in battle-related death
1948 war over Kashmir
1965 India-Pakistan war
1971 India-Pakistan and Fall of Dhaka
Siachen Dispute and Sir creek
Kargil conflict 99
The document summarizes key details about India's military capabilities and history of conflicts with Pakistan. It notes that India has the 4th largest military budget and troop strength in the world. It then outlines several major military operations and conflicts between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, including the First Kashmir War in 1947, the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the Siachen conflict of 1984, and the Kargil War of 1999. For each conflict, it provides brief details about the background, key battles, outcomes, and diplomatic agreements that followed.
The Kashmir conflict began in 1947 when the region's ruler decided to join India despite the majority Muslim population, leading Pakistan to invade. This sparked the first of four wars between India and Pakistan over the territory. Currently, Kashmir is divided along a ceasefire line known as the Line of Control, with India controlling 45% and Pakistan 35%, while China holds the remaining 20%. Both countries claim the entire region and have fought numerous battles over it since partition, with an ongoing separatist insurgency complicating matters further.
Pakistan faced numerous problems after partition in 1947, including:
- Establishing a new government and administrative systems from scratch while millions of refugees flooded into the new country
- An unfair and controversial boundary award that gave Muslim-majority areas to India and laid the foundation for future disputes over Kashmir and water rights
- Difficulties over the division of military assets between Pakistan and India, which left Pakistan poorly equipped for defense
The document provides a chronology of key events in the Kashmir dispute from 1947 to 2017 between India and Pakistan over control of the Kashmir region. It outlines the partition of the subcontinent in 1947 that led to the Maharaja of Kashmir's accession to India and the first war between India and Pakistan over the region. Subsequent events include three wars, a Simla Agreement, a pro-independence insurgency in Indian-administered Kashmir in the late 1980s, and continuing violence and tensions along the Line of Control dividing the region.
This document provides an overview of the Kashmir conflict between India, Pakistan, and China over control of the Kashmir region. It discusses how Kashmir is divided between the three countries, with India controlling Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh, Pakistan controlling Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, and China controlling parts of Ladakh. The population of the Indian-controlled region is predominantly Muslim. The document traces the history of control over Kashmir and discusses the ongoing dispute and conflict between India and Pakistan over control of the region.
Kashmir has been a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947. It began when the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir did not join either country after the partition of British India. India controls 39,127 square miles of Kashmir while Pakistan controls 33,145 square miles. The dispute is fueled by both countries' claims over the region based on its history and the religious affiliations of Kashmiris. Despite UN resolutions calling for a referendum, the conflict has continued with human rights abuses reported and tensions occasionally flaring into violence along the Line of Control.
This document provides an overview of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan in 6 sections. It discusses: (1) how the conflict started over the ruler's decision to join India after Partition; (2) the wars fought between India and Pakistan over Kashmir; (3) human rights violations against Kashmiris; (4) the roles of international organizations like the UN and OIC; and (6) concludes that Kashmiris should determine the region's status and resolving this conflict is important for South Asian peace and prosperity.
The document summarizes the history of the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan since partition in 1947. It discusses that Kashmir is currently divided between Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistani administered Azad Kashmir, and Chinese controlled Kashmir. It outlines several proposed solutions to resolve the conflict such as making the Line of Control an official border, dividing Kashmir along the Chenab river, granting independence, or providing autonomy under joint Indian-Pakistani control similar to Andorra. However, it notes that implementing any solution requires agreement between India and Pakistan, which has so far not been possible given both countries' claims over the territory.
Problems faced by muslims during partitionUmair Liaqat
53 slides•7.3K views
This document outlines the initial problems faced by Pakistan after its independence in 1947. It discusses 11 major problems: 1) choosing a capital and establishing a government; 2) an unfair boundary distribution; 3) massacres of Muslim refugees in India; 4) the division of military and financial assets; 5) canal water disputes; 6) the Kashmir dispute; 7) constitutional issues; 8) the annexation of princely states; 9) economic problems; 10) administrative challenges; and 11) electricity issues. The document concludes that while Pakistan faced immense difficulties at its founding, the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah helped the nation overcome these problems to develop into a strong country, as he had envisioned.
The group presentation discusses the historical relationship between India and China since 1950. It notes that diplomatic relations were established in 1951 and the Panchsheel Agreement was signed, leading to the period of "Hindi Chini Bhai Bhai" (Indian and Chinese are brothers). However, challenges later emerged such as the 1959 Tibetan uprising and China's support for Pakistan in the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistani wars. Subsequent conflicts included the 1962 Sino-Indian War and border disputes. More recently, tensions have continued due to territorial disputes and incidents like the 2017 Doklam standoff. The presentation concludes that peaceful coexistence requires changes in China's attitude.
The document summarizes several wars that India has fought since independence in 1947. It describes the Indo-Pak war of 1947 over Kashmir, the liberation of Hyderabad state from Nizam rule in 1948, the liberation of Goa from Portuguese rule in 1961 over 36 hours, China's invasion of India in 1962 over territorial disputes, the Indo-Pak wars of 1965 and 1971 which resulted in the creation of Bangladesh, and the Kargil War of 1999 when Pakistan occupied parts of Kashmir and India launched Operation Vijay to regain the territory.
This report summarizes the complex relationship between India and Pakistan since their independence in 1947. It outlines the main causes of conflict as the violent partition that displaced millions, and the disputed territory of Kashmir. Multiple wars have been fought over Kashmir, and relations have often soured due to cross-border terrorism. While there have been attempts to improve ties, issues around Kashmir and terrorism have impeded progress. The nuclear capabilities of both countries also increase tensions.
Kashmir Conflict and Possible options for its Resolution.pptxAwaisKhanMeo
16 slides•69 views
The document discusses the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan and potential solutions. It analyzes political stances in both countries on the issue and prominent historical events. Possible solutions examined include Kashmiri autonomy, joint governance, or formal partition. However, dialogue between the two countries has broken down, and the military interests on both sides perpetuate the conflict at the expense of Kashmiri people.
The document summarizes Pakistan's relations with its key neighbors - China, Iran, Afghanistan, and India. It discusses the history and development of diplomatic, economic, and military ties between Pakistan and each country. In particular, it notes the strong defense cooperation between Pakistan and China, economic partnerships between Pakistan and Iran, tensions over the Afghanistan border and refugee situation, and the long-standing Kashmir dispute between Pakistan and India.
This document summarizes famous scientists and their inventions, including:
- Evangelista Torricelli who invented the barometer in 1643.
- Ferdinand Verbiest who invented the world's first automobile, powered by steam.
- Charles Babbage who originated the concept of a programmable computer and is considered the "Father of Computers".
- Marie Curie who was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, winning in two fields for her pioneering research that led to the invention of radium.
Net metering is a billing mechanism that credits solar energy system owners for excess electricity generated and added to the grid. It allows customers with solar panels or other renewable energy systems to get credit on their electricity bills for energy fed back to the grid. Through net metering, energy used from the grid is offset by energy produced, and any excess energy generated can be credited or rolled over to offset future energy costs. Net metering is legal in Pakistan under regulations established in 2015 to promote renewable energy and reduce electricity costs.
The bipolar junction transistor has three doped regions - a collector, base, and emitter. In an NPN transistor, electrons diffuse from the emitter into the base and then into the collector. There are four regions of operation - cutoff, active, saturation, and breakdown. The transistor is commonly modeled using three approximations that account for the base-emitter diode and effects like bulk resistance. Key specifications include breakdown voltages, current and power dissipation ratings.
This document provides information about Coronavirus (COVID-19) including:
- COVID-19 is caused by a newly identified coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2. Symptoms include cough, fever, and shortness of breath.
- The virus can spread from person to person. There is no vaccine yet but prevention includes hand washing, social distancing, and face coverings.
- The pandemic has impacted education, hospitals, children, domestic violence, religion, and exacerbated inequalities. It is important for individuals to follow social distancing guidelines and recognize their responsibility in slowing the spread.
This document discusses different types of addressing modes used in instruction sets. It describes op-codes, which specify operations like addition, and operands, which are the data being operated on. Instructions contain an op-code and an address field specifying the location of operands. Addressing modes include three-address, two-address, one-address, one-and-a-half address, and zero address. Three-address uses three operands, two-address uses two, one-address implicitly uses an accumulator, one-and-a-half uses a register and memory, and zero-address uses a stack.
This document discusses different types of addressing modes used in computing including implied mode, immediate mode, register mode, register indirect mode, auto-increment mode, direct address mode, indirect address mode, relative address mode, indexed addressing mode, and base register addressing mode. Each mode is briefly described in one or two sentences. For example, implied mode specifies operands implicitly in the instruction definition, immediate mode uses a constant directly in the instruction, and register mode stores the operand in a register specified by the instruction.
LI-FI is a technology that transmits data through illumination by using LED light bulbs that vary in intensity faster than the human eye can detect. It provides both illumination and wireless data communication through visible light communication. The technology was pioneered in the 1990s in countries like Germany and Korea where LEDs were retrofitted to transmit information. It offers a solution to issues with radio spectrum congestion by using light instead of radio waves.
Indian forces claimed to have conducted "surgical strikes" against militant launch pads in Pakistani-administered Kashmir on September 29, 2016. However, Pakistan denied any such strikes occurred. The tensions began after militants attacked an Indian army base in Uri on September 18, killing 19 soldiers. India said the strikes targeted militants preparing new attacks, while Pakistan said only cross-border firing occurred between the two sides, resulting in the deaths of two Pakistani soldiers. Skirmishes continued along the border throughout October as both countries accused each other of initiating fire.
The document summarizes the 2016 clash between India and Pakistan. It provides background on events leading up to the clash, including the death of Burhan Wani and the Uri base attack. It then discusses India's claim of a surgical strike against Pakistan, Pakistan's rejection of this claim, and increased cross-border firing between the two countries. It also notes the reactions from both countries as well as responses from other international actors.
1) Islam gave women rights over 1,400 years ago that Western women have only recently gained, such as the right to property. Islam teaches that men and women are equal before God and will be judged based on their actions, not their gender.
2) Both men and women have equal rights to seek knowledge, choose their spouse, and earn reward in heaven. While they have equal spiritual status, their roles and responsibilities differ based on their natural differences.
3) The family unit is of central importance in Islam. Men and women fulfill complementary roles to create strong families through cooperation rather than competition. Mothers and daughters are highly honored in Islam.
The document discusses education in Pakistan. It lists group members and provides information on the definition, purpose, importance and aims of education. It describes Pakistan's education system including levels, types of education, literacy rates between provinces and genders, and challenges facing the system. It compares rural and urban school systems and lists recommendations to address problems like untrained teachers and unequal standards.
This document discusses robots and robotic technology. It provides information on the components of robots including power supply, actuators, sensors, manipulation and locomotion. It also discusses different robotic architectures and compares the HRP-4C humanoid robot to the HRP-4 robot. In conclusion, robots provide advantages for applications in hazardous environments or for tasks requiring speed and accuracy, though they may displace some human jobs.
Meet Dr. Charles Chima from Sioux Falls, SDCharles Chima
7 slides•15 views
Dr. Charles Chima is a distinguished public health leader and population health strategist with a proven track record in advancing health equity, developing innovative healthcare solutions, and driving policy change. With a background spanning clinical medicine, epidemiology, and public health leadership, he has dedicated his career to improving access to healthcare for underserved communities. His expertise in strategic planning, multisector partnerships, and data-driven policy implementation has positioned him as a key advocate for strengthening public health systems at local, state, and national levels.
Hari Wibawa of the South Sumatra Planning and Development Agency (Bappeda) gave a presentation on economic diversification at the Just Energy Transition Community of Practice event.
Place Out!-EU-Charter- Carta Europea para el Desarrollo de las Áreas Rurales.Wazo Coop
2 slides•11 views
Carta Europea para el Desarrollo de las Áreas Rurales, un documento que establece principios comunes para políticas juveniles efectivas en zonas no urbanas. Esta carta aborda aspectos clave como:
Servicios Públicos e Infraestructura: Establecimiento de centros juveniles multifuncionales y mejora del transporte público.¡
Desarrollo Económico Sostenible: Apoyo a negocios locales, emprendimientos rurales y promoción de la agricultura sostenible.
Participación y Compromiso Juvenil: Fomento de iniciativas lideradas por jóvenes y aumento de la financiación para organizaciones juveniles en áreas rurales.
Comunicación y Tecnología: Mejora de la conectividad a internet y uso de plataformas digitales para promover el patrimonio cultural local.
Cultura y Educación: Preservación del patrimonio cultural y apoyo a programas educativos adaptados a las necesidades cambiantes de la sociedad.
Presentation given by Sandra Nesic & Goran Pastrovic at the Human-centric public service design academy organised by SIGMA and GIZ on 3-7 March 2025 in Paris
Martua Raja of the Indonesian Workers Welfare Union (KSBSI) gave a presentation on the trade union's position at the Just Energy Transition Community of Practice event.
Fredy Guayacan of the ILO and the representative from the Philippines gave an overview presentation on the Philippines' just energy transition as well as its challenges and opportunities at the Just Energy Transition Community of Practice event.
